2. During 2007-2008, Dr Wright researched and authored a paper entitled “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” It described the outlines of an electronic cash system, based on what the paper described as “a chain of digital signatures”. Such chains are now generally referred to as “blockchains”. This document is well-known among those involved with the development of electronic cash and digital assets systems and has become well-known to those interested in those systems and is referred to herein as the “White Paper”.

3. Dr Wright devised the name “Bitcoin”, and used it to designate the peer-to-peer electronic cash system he had described in the White Paper. It is referred to both in the title of the White Paper and in the many messages, some of which are referred to below, which he used to publicise the system. On 18 August 2008, Dr Wright also registered the domain name “bitcoin.org” on the “anonymousspeech.com” website using an account created with the pseudonymous username “Sakura”.

4. On 31 October 2008, Dr Wright made the White Paper available to the public under the pseudonym “Satoshi Nakamoto” by posting on the Cryptography Mailing List (hosted on metzdowd.com) an announcement that he had been “working on a new electronic cash system that’s fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party”. In this announcement, Dr Wright published the link to the White Paper, which he had previously uploaded to http://www.bitcoin.org. Dr Wright continued to use the pseudonym ‘Satoshi Nakamoto’ in public messages and in connection with Bitcoin generally until 2011.

5. To implement and elaborate upon the concepts described in the White Paper, Dr Wright wrote a suite of software in the same period of 2007-2008 (the “Bitcoin Software”, which term when used includes subsequent updates). He started to distribute it on 8 January 2009 by uploading it under the name “version 0.1.0 Alpha of the Bitcoin source code” onto an online source code repository, SourceForge. On the same day, and using his Vistomail Account,satoshi@vistomail.com(“the Vistomail Account”),DrWright published thefollowing message on the Cryptography Mailing List:“Bitcoin v0.1releasedAnnouncing the first release of Bitcoin, a new electronic cash systemthat uses a peer-to-peer networkto prevent double-spending. It'scompletely decentralized with no server orcentral authority.
See bitcoin.org for screenshots.Download link:http://downloads.sourceforge.net/bitcoin/bitcoin-0.1.0.rar”