📘 Hydraulics – Notes
🔹 Introduction
Hydraulics is a branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the behavior of liquids (mainly water) at rest and in motion. It is widely used in civil engineering works like dams, canals, pipes, and irrigation systems.
🔹 Properties of Fluids
Density (ρ): Mass per unit volume
Specific Weight (γ): Weight per unit volume
Viscosity: Resistance to flow
Surface Tension: Force acting at liquid surface
Compressibility: Change in volume under pressure
🔹 Types of Fluid Flow
Steady Flow: Properties do not change with time
Unsteady Flow: Properties change with time
Uniform Flow: Velocity is same at all points
Non-uniform Flow: Velocity changes with location
Laminar Flow: Smooth and orderly flow
Turbulent Flow: Irregular and chaotic flow
🔹 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Total energy of fluid remains constant along a streamline:
P/ρg + V²/2g + Z = Constant
Where:
P = Pressure energy
V = Velocity
Z = Potnotplications:
Venturimeter
Flow measurement
Aircraft wings
Pipe flow analysis
🔹 Continuity Equation
A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
It states that mass flow rate remains constant in a pipe.
🔹 Reynolds Number
Used to determine flow type:
Re = ρVD / μ
Re < 2000 → Laminar flow
Re > 4000 → Turbulent flow
🔹 Flow Measurement Devices
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Pitot tube
🔹 Open Channel Flow
Flow with free surface like:
Rivers
Canals
Important terms:
Hydraulic depth
Specific energy
Critical flow
🔹 Hydraulic Machines
Machines that use fluid energy:
Pumps
Turbines
Hydropower systems
🔹 Important Formulas
Discharge: Q = AV
Pressure: P = ρgh
Power of water: P = ρgQH
🔹 Applications in Civil Engineering
Dam design
Irrigation systems
Water supply systems
Sewerage systems
Flood control
@etconp
🔹 Introduction
Hydraulics is a branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the behavior of liquids (mainly water) at rest and in motion. It is widely used in civil engineering works like dams, canals, pipes, and irrigation systems.
🔹 Properties of Fluids
Density (ρ): Mass per unit volume
Specific Weight (γ): Weight per unit volume
Viscosity: Resistance to flow
Surface Tension: Force acting at liquid surface
Compressibility: Change in volume under pressure
🔹 Types of Fluid Flow
Steady Flow: Properties do not change with time
Unsteady Flow: Properties change with time
Uniform Flow: Velocity is same at all points
Non-uniform Flow: Velocity changes with location
Laminar Flow: Smooth and orderly flow
Turbulent Flow: Irregular and chaotic flow
🔹 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Total energy of fluid remains constant along a streamline:
P/ρg + V²/2g + Z = Constant
Where:
P = Pressure energy
V = Velocity
Z = Potnotplications:
Venturimeter
Flow measurement
Aircraft wings
Pipe flow analysis
🔹 Continuity Equation
A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
It states that mass flow rate remains constant in a pipe.
🔹 Reynolds Number
Used to determine flow type:
Re = ρVD / μ
Re < 2000 → Laminar flow
Re > 4000 → Turbulent flow
🔹 Flow Measurement Devices
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Pitot tube
🔹 Open Channel Flow
Flow with free surface like:
Rivers
Canals
Important terms:
Hydraulic depth
Specific energy
Critical flow
🔹 Hydraulic Machines
Machines that use fluid energy:
Pumps
Turbines
Hydropower systems
🔹 Important Formulas
Discharge: Q = AV
Pressure: P = ρgh
Power of water: P = ρgQH
🔹 Applications in Civil Engineering
Dam design
Irrigation systems
Water supply systems
Sewerage systems
Flood control
@etconp
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