Numbers of #Physiology_2
1. Cardiovascular System
| Two | Number of halves the heart is made of (right and left), each with an atrium and a ventricle.
| Four | Number of sets of valves in the heart.
| Three | Number of cusps in the tricuspid valve and Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).
| Two | Number of cusps in the mitral or bicuspid valve.
| 1°c | Increase in body temperature that can increase heart rate by 10-20 beats/min.
| 10-20 | Increase in heart rate (beats/min) for every 1 0c increase in body temperature.
| 0.1 sec | Duration of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.3 sec | Duration of ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.4 sec | Duration of diastole of the whole heart in the cardiac cycle.
| 0.8 second| Normal duration of the cardiac cycle when heart rate is 75 beats/min (60/75).
| 70-80 | Normal resting heart rate in beats/min.
| 100 | Heart rate above this value is considered tachycardia (beats/min).
| 60 | Heart rate below this value is considered bradycardia (beats/min).
| 70 ml/beat| Normal stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat).
| 5 liters/min| Normal cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute) in adult male during rest.
| 5 liters/min| Normal venous return during rest. | 25 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in non-athletes. | 35 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in athletes. | 80-90% | Normal capillary tone (number of partially or totally closed blood capillaries).
| 120 mmHg | Average systolic blood pressure. | 80 mmHg | Average diastolic blood pressure. | 40 mmHg | Average pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure).
| 93 mmHg | Average mean arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
| 90 – 140 mmHg| Normal range for systolic blood pressure. | 60- 90 mmHg| Normal range for diastolic blood pressure. | 90 -95 % | Percentage of primary (essential) hypertension cases. | 5- 10 % | Percentage of secondary hypertension cases. | 225 ml/min| Normal coronary blood flow during rest. | 1000 ml/min| Coronary blood flow during severe muscular exercise. | 40 liters| Normal value of total body water. | 25 liters| Amount of intracellular fluid (ICF). | 15 liters| Amount of extracellular fluid (ECF). | 3 liters | Amount of plasma in ECF. | 12 liters| Amount of interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) in ECF.
2. Respiratory System
| Two | Number of types of respiration (external and internal) and functional zones of the respiratory system (conducting and respiratory).
| 0.5 micron| The approximate overall thickness of the alveolo-capillary (respiratory) membrane.
| 50-100 sq meters (70m2)| Very large surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult. | 20-fold| How much the surface area of the small intestine is increased by the presence of intestinal villi and microvilli.
1. Cardiovascular System
| Two | Number of halves the heart is made of (right and left), each with an atrium and a ventricle.
| Four | Number of sets of valves in the heart.
| Three | Number of cusps in the tricuspid valve and Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves).
| Two | Number of cusps in the mitral or bicuspid valve.
| 1°c | Increase in body temperature that can increase heart rate by 10-20 beats/min.
| 10-20 | Increase in heart rate (beats/min) for every 1 0c increase in body temperature.
| 0.1 sec | Duration of atrial systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.3 sec | Duration of ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle. | 0.4 sec | Duration of diastole of the whole heart in the cardiac cycle.
| 0.8 second| Normal duration of the cardiac cycle when heart rate is 75 beats/min (60/75).
| 70-80 | Normal resting heart rate in beats/min.
| 100 | Heart rate above this value is considered tachycardia (beats/min).
| 60 | Heart rate below this value is considered bradycardia (beats/min).
| 70 ml/beat| Normal stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat).
| 5 liters/min| Normal cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute) in adult male during rest.
| 5 liters/min| Normal venous return during rest. | 25 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in non-athletes. | 35 liters/min| Venous return during exercise in athletes. | 80-90% | Normal capillary tone (number of partially or totally closed blood capillaries).
| 120 mmHg | Average systolic blood pressure. | 80 mmHg | Average diastolic blood pressure. | 40 mmHg | Average pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure).
| 93 mmHg | Average mean arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle.
| 90 – 140 mmHg| Normal range for systolic blood pressure. | 60- 90 mmHg| Normal range for diastolic blood pressure. | 90 -95 % | Percentage of primary (essential) hypertension cases. | 5- 10 % | Percentage of secondary hypertension cases. | 225 ml/min| Normal coronary blood flow during rest. | 1000 ml/min| Coronary blood flow during severe muscular exercise. | 40 liters| Normal value of total body water. | 25 liters| Amount of intracellular fluid (ICF). | 15 liters| Amount of extracellular fluid (ECF). | 3 liters | Amount of plasma in ECF. | 12 liters| Amount of interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) in ECF.
2. Respiratory System
| Two | Number of types of respiration (external and internal) and functional zones of the respiratory system (conducting and respiratory).
| 0.5 micron| The approximate overall thickness of the alveolo-capillary (respiratory) membrane.
| 50-100 sq meters (70m2)| Very large surface area of the respiratory membrane in a normal adult. | 20-fold| How much the surface area of the small intestine is increased by the presence of intestinal villi and microvilli.
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