๐Failures of Retaining Walls: Overturning and Sliding
๐ฅRetaining walls must be checked for stability against overturning, sliding, and bearing failure before construction.
1. Overturning Failure
Overturning occurs when the moment produced by lateral active earth pressure is greater than the resisting moment provided by the wall weight and soil above the base.
Active earth pressure:
Pa = ยฝ Ka ฮณ Hยฒ
The resultant active pressure acts approximately at H/3 above the base.
Overturning moment: Mo = Pa ร H/3
Resisting moment: Mr = Ww ร Xw + Ws ร Xs
Typical preliminary factor of safety against overturning: FS โฅ 2.0
2. Sliding Failure
Sliding occurs when the horizontal earth pressure exceeds the available resistance at the foundation base.
Resisting force may include:
Base friction: Ff = ฮผN
Passive earth pressure in front of the toe, where it is reliably available.
Additional measures such as a shear key may be used when required.
A commonly used preliminary check is:
FS = Fr / Pa โฅ 1.5
3. Overturning Movement
If overturning occurs, the wall rotates about the toe. This can cause:
Rotation of the wall
Cracking near the heel
Loss of stability
Potential structural or geotechnical failure
Possible corrective measures include increasing base width, increasing wall weight, adding counterforts/buttresses, reducing backfill height, or using suitable lightweight fill.
4. Sliding Movement
In sliding failure, the wall moves horizontally along its foundation.
Possible measures include:
Increasing the base width
Providing a shear key
Increasing the effective normal load
Improving base friction
Providing reliable passive resistance in front of the toe
โ ๏ธ Important: The factors of safety shown are common preliminary values, but the final retaining-wall design must consider the applicable design code, soil parameters, groundwater, surcharge loads, bearing capacity, drainage, seismic effects where applicable, and site-specific geotechnical investigation.
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โ๐ แฐแจแแช แแญแแญ แแจแแแฝแ แฅแ แจแณแแแฑแ แจแฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แแแแฝ แแแแแต โแจแแตแกแญ แแแฝแ แญแแฅแ๐
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61592085774934
@etconp
๐ฅRetaining walls must be checked for stability against overturning, sliding, and bearing failure before construction.
1. Overturning Failure
Overturning occurs when the moment produced by lateral active earth pressure is greater than the resisting moment provided by the wall weight and soil above the base.
Active earth pressure:
Pa = ยฝ Ka ฮณ Hยฒ
The resultant active pressure acts approximately at H/3 above the base.
Overturning moment: Mo = Pa ร H/3
Resisting moment: Mr = Ww ร Xw + Ws ร Xs
Typical preliminary factor of safety against overturning: FS โฅ 2.0
2. Sliding Failure
Sliding occurs when the horizontal earth pressure exceeds the available resistance at the foundation base.
Resisting force may include:
Base friction: Ff = ฮผN
Passive earth pressure in front of the toe, where it is reliably available.
Additional measures such as a shear key may be used when required.
A commonly used preliminary check is:
FS = Fr / Pa โฅ 1.5
3. Overturning Movement
If overturning occurs, the wall rotates about the toe. This can cause:
Rotation of the wall
Cracking near the heel
Loss of stability
Potential structural or geotechnical failure
Possible corrective measures include increasing base width, increasing wall weight, adding counterforts/buttresses, reducing backfill height, or using suitable lightweight fill.
4. Sliding Movement
In sliding failure, the wall moves horizontally along its foundation.
Possible measures include:
Increasing the base width
Providing a shear key
Increasing the effective normal load
Improving base friction
Providing reliable passive resistance in front of the toe
โ ๏ธ Important: The factors of safety shown are common preliminary values, but the final retaining-wall design must consider the applicable design code, soil parameters, groundwater, surcharge loads, bearing capacity, drainage, seismic effects where applicable, and site-specific geotechnical investigation.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
โ๐ แฐแจแแช แแญแแญ แแจแแแฝแ แฅแ แจแณแแแฑแ แจแฎแแตแตแซแญแฝแ แแแแฝ แแแแแต โแจแแตแกแญ แแแฝแ แญแแฅแ๐
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61592085774934
@etconp
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