👉Notes On Foundation engineering

📜here are the highlights:

1. Types of Foundations

- Shallow foundations (footings, rafts) for lighter loads
- Deep foundations (piles, caissons) for heavy loads or weak soils

2. Bearing Capacity

- Ultimate capacity is the maximum load before failure
- Safe capacity includes a factor of safety

3. Shear Failure Modes

- General shear in dense soils
- Local shear in medium soils
- Punching shear in loose soils

4. Key Factors

- Soil properties
- Water table position
- Foundation dimensions

5. Field Testing

- Plate load tests
- Standard penetration tests
- Cone penetration tests

6. Settlement Considerations

- Immediate elastic settlement
- Long-term consolidation
- Differential settlement risks

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