Answer
———
Theories of Aggression:
(A) Psychosocial theories:
Freud theory: sex & aggression are the 2 basic instincts (death instinct).
Lorenz theory: aggression stems from fighting instinct (as other organisms)
Learned response theory: aggression is a form of learned behavior, through observation, imitation, identification & needs reinforcement to be repeated.
B) Biological Basis:
1-Genetic Studies:
-Aggression runs in families & in monozygotic › dizygotic twins
Polymorphism of Tryptopha hydroxylase gene with lower CSF & blood SHIAA
& serotonin level in aggressive persons.
Chromosomal abnormality (XYY, Phenylketonuria, Sanfilippo's) → ++ aggression
2- Hormones:
Testosterone, androgens, progesterone related to aggressive behavior,
Males with androgen insensitivity syndrome → tend to be feminine & calm
Females with adrenogenital syndrome → masculinized & +++ aggression.
Criminals who commit violent crimes have higher levels of testosterone
Murderers with ++testosterone have known their victim & planned their crime
3-Neurotransmitters
Cholinergic & catecholaminergic systems → +++ aggression
Serotonin & GABA → ---- aggression
4-Neuro anatomy:
Damage to Limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus → defensive aggression
Cerebral cortex (prefrontal area may also be involved in aggression
—
Causes of Aggression:
(A) Psychosocial:
1) Intense frustration when prevented from reaching some goals especially when it is massive & unexpected. Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration always results in aggression & aggression will not occur unless frustrated.
However, frustration may produce depression & withdrawal & not all aggression is preceded by frustration
2-Direct provocation from others (insults), threatening self-esteem in public
3-Oppression from unjust authority (events in political conflicts)
4-Exposure to media charged with violence (aggressive models)
5-Situational eg, +++ psychological or sexual arousal or pain.
6-History of child physical, sexual abuse or neglect.
7- Family conflicts and problems.
8-The presence of physical anomalies and handicap.
(B) Environmental:
1-Air pollution, noise, over-crowding.
2-low socioeconomic status, minority groups
3-availability of weapons as in upper Egypt.
(C) Substance abuse:
Opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, cannabis; high doses of anxiolytics & barbiturates; Alcohol drinking → aggressive thoughts & actions
———
Theories of Aggression:
(A) Psychosocial theories:
Freud theory: sex & aggression are the 2 basic instincts (death instinct).
Lorenz theory: aggression stems from fighting instinct (as other organisms)
Learned response theory: aggression is a form of learned behavior, through observation, imitation, identification & needs reinforcement to be repeated.
B) Biological Basis:
1-Genetic Studies:
-Aggression runs in families & in monozygotic › dizygotic twins
Polymorphism of Tryptopha hydroxylase gene with lower CSF & blood SHIAA
& serotonin level in aggressive persons.
Chromosomal abnormality (XYY, Phenylketonuria, Sanfilippo's) → ++ aggression
2- Hormones:
Testosterone, androgens, progesterone related to aggressive behavior,
Males with androgen insensitivity syndrome → tend to be feminine & calm
Females with adrenogenital syndrome → masculinized & +++ aggression.
Criminals who commit violent crimes have higher levels of testosterone
Murderers with ++testosterone have known their victim & planned their crime
3-Neurotransmitters
Cholinergic & catecholaminergic systems → +++ aggression
Serotonin & GABA → ---- aggression
4-Neuro anatomy:
Damage to Limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus → defensive aggression
Cerebral cortex (prefrontal area may also be involved in aggression
—
Causes of Aggression:
(A) Psychosocial:
1) Intense frustration when prevented from reaching some goals especially when it is massive & unexpected. Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration always results in aggression & aggression will not occur unless frustrated.
However, frustration may produce depression & withdrawal & not all aggression is preceded by frustration
2-Direct provocation from others (insults), threatening self-esteem in public
3-Oppression from unjust authority (events in political conflicts)
4-Exposure to media charged with violence (aggressive models)
5-Situational eg, +++ psychological or sexual arousal or pain.
6-History of child physical, sexual abuse or neglect.
7- Family conflicts and problems.
8-The presence of physical anomalies and handicap.
(B) Environmental:
1-Air pollution, noise, over-crowding.
2-low socioeconomic status, minority groups
3-availability of weapons as in upper Egypt.
(C) Substance abuse:
Opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, cannabis; high doses of anxiolytics & barbiturates; Alcohol drinking → aggressive thoughts & actions
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