https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33113270/ REF 1 NEWS FEATURE Avoiding pitfalls in the pursuit of a COVID-19 vaccine As they race to devise a Vaccine, researchers are trying to ensure that their candidates don’t spur a counterproductive, even dangerous, immune system reaction known as immune enhancement Lynne Peeples, Science Writer REF 2 Coronaviruses Methods and Protocols Edited by Helena Jane Maier The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK Erica Bickerton The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK Paul Britton The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK (Methods in Molecular Biology 1282) 2. Da REF 2“…………Only limited options are available to prevent coronavirus infections. Vaccines have only been approved for IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, but these vaccines are not always used because they are either not very effective, or in some cases have been reported to be involved in the selection of novel pathogenic CoVs via recombination of circulating strains…………………SARS-CoV, several potential vaccines have been developed but none are yet approved for use. These vaccines include recombinant attenuated viruses, live virus vectors, or individual viral proteins expressed from DNA plasmids………First, for mucosal infections, natural infection does not prevent subsequent infection, and so vaccines must either induce better immunity than the original virus or must at least lessen the disease incurred during a secondary infection. Second, the propensity of the viruses to recombine may pose a problem by rendering the vaccine useless and potentially increasing the evolution and diversity of the virus in the wild [ 108]. Finally, it has been shown in FIPV that vaccination with S protein leads to enhanced disease [ 109]. Despite this, several strategies are being developed for vaccine development to reduce the likelihood of recombination, for instance by making large deletions in the nsp1 [ 110] or E proteins [ 111], rearranging the 3′ end of the genome [ 112], modifying the TRS sequences [ 113], ………………………………………”
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REF 1 NEWS FEATURE Avoiding pitfalls in the pursuit of a COVID-19 vaccine As they race to devise a Vaccine, researchers are trying to ensure that their candidates don’t spur a counterproductive, even dangerous, immune system reaction known as immune enhancement Lynne Peeples, Science Writer
REF 2 Coronaviruses Methods and Protocols Edited by Helena Jane Maier The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK Erica Bickerton The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK Paul Britton The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK (Methods in Molecular Biology 1282) 2.
Da REF 2“…………Only limited options are available to prevent coronavirus infections. Vaccines have only been approved for IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, but these vaccines are not always used because they are either not very effective, or in some cases have been reported to be involved in the selection of novel pathogenic CoVs via recombination of circulating strains…………………SARS-CoV, several potential vaccines have been developed but none are yet approved for use. These vaccines include recombinant attenuated viruses, live virus vectors, or individual viral proteins expressed from DNA plasmids………First, for mucosal infections, natural infection does not prevent subsequent infection, and so vaccines must either induce better immunity than the original virus or must at least lessen the disease incurred during a secondary infection. Second, the propensity of the viruses to recombine may pose a problem by rendering the vaccine useless and potentially increasing the evolution and diversity of the virus in the wild [ 108]. Finally, it has been shown in FIPV that vaccination with S protein leads to enhanced disease [ 109]. Despite this, several strategies are being developed for vaccine development to reduce the likelihood of recombination, for instance by making large deletions in the nsp1 [ 110] or E proteins [ 111], rearranging the 3′ end of the genome [ 112], modifying the TRS sequences [ 113], ………………………………………”